Hướng dẫn làm bài"The Triune Brain"IELTS READING

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Bên cạnh Hướng dẫn làm bài"The Triune Brain"IELTS READING, IELTS TUTOR cũng cung cấp thêm PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI 30/5/2020 IELTS WRITING TASK 2 (kèm bài sửa HS đạt 6.5)

I. Bài đọc

The Triune1 Brain

1 Triune = three-in-one

The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex – which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean groundbreaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.

Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.

Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy2 , “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.

2 Lobotomy = surgical cutting of brain nerves

One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.

II. Hướng dẫn cách làm

1. Questions 14–22

Classify the following as typical of

A. the reptilian cortex

B. the limbic cortex

C. the neocortex

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

14. giving up short-term happiness for future gains

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Từ bỏ hạnh phúc ngắn hạn để đạt được lợi ích trong tương lai

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • give up (verb) từ bỏ 
  • short-term (adj) ngắn hạn 
  • gain (n) lợi ích 

15. maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Duy trì các chức năng cơ thể cần thiết cho cuộc sống

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • maintain (v) duy trì 
  • bodily (adi) thuộc về cơ thể 
  • function (n) chức năng 

16. experiencing the pain of losing another

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Trải qua nỗi đau mất người khác

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

17. forming communities and social groups

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • hình thành cộng đồng và nhóm xã hội

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

18. making a decision and carrying it out

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • đưa ra quyết định và thực hiện

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • carry out (verb) thực hiện 

19. guarding areas of land

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • canh giữ các khu vực đất

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • guard (v) bảo vệ 

21. looking after one’s young

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • chăm sóc một đứa trẻ

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • look after (v) chăm sóc 

22. responding quickly to sudden movement and noise

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • phản ứng nhanh với chuyển động đột ngột và tiếng ồn

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • respond (v) phản ứng 
  • sudden (adj) đột ngột 

2. Questions 23–26

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

23. A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as ………………….

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Một người chỉ có vỏ não bò sát đang hoạt động được gọi là ………………….

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

  • functioning (adj) đang hoạt động 

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

  • Như vậy từ cần điền ở đây sẽ là noun (vì theo sau known as....) 

24. ………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption.

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • ………………… ở người có liên quan đến sự gián đoạn hệ limbic.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

  • Như vậy từ cần điền ở đây sẽ là noun (vì theo sau là in humans) và chia số ít (vì phía sau động từ is)

25. An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his ………………….

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Một tai nạn lao động khiến Phineas Gage mất đi một phần ………………… của mình.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

  • Như vậy từ cần điền ở đây sẽ là noun (vì phía trước có his)

26. After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s ………………… and higher-order thinking.

IELTS TUTOR dịch câu hỏi:

  • Sau tai nạn của anh ấy, các đồng nghiệp nhận thấy sự mất cân bằng giữa ………………… của Gage và tư duy bậc cao.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý từ mới trong câu hỏi:

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

  • Như vậy từ cần điền ở đây sẽ là noun (vì phía trước có sở hữu cách)

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Các khóa học IELTS online 1 kèm 1 - 100% cam kết đạt target 6.0 - 7.0 - 8.0
Các khóa học IELTS online 1 kèm 1 - 100% cam kết đạt target 6.0 - 7.0 - 8.0